relative+clauses

RELATIVE CLAUSES
There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non-defining relative clauses


 * **DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES** || **NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES** ||
 * Present essential information to understand the sentence || Present additional, secondary, or extra information ||
 * Never preceded by comma || Always preceded by comma ||
 * The pronoun //that// can replace //who, which// and occasionally //when//. || The pronoun //that// can never be used. ||
 * //Who, which, that// and sometimes //when// can be omitted if they are followed by a subject + verb || //Who, which, that// and //when// can never be omitted. ||

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative clauses give additional information about something, somewhere or someone. This is called the **//antecedent//.** There are different pronouns we can use depending on the antecedent, that is, depending to what the pronoun refers to:
 * **who:** when the antecedent is a person (e.g. //The man who lives next door is a doctor//).
 * **which:** when the antecedent is an object or animal (e.g. //The car which is outside belongs to my friend//).
 * **which:** it can also refer to a whole idea or previous sentence (e.g. //I passed all my exams, which made me really happy//).
 * **that:** it can replace //who, which// and sometimes //when// in defining relative clauses (e.g. I saw the man that was sitting on the floor).
 * **whose:** it refers to possession (e.g. //Maria, whose brother is in my class, has passed all her exams//).
 * **whom:** it refers to people and is preceded by a preposition (e.g. //John, the guy with whom I went to the cinema, is not my boyfriend//).

RELATIVE ADVERBS
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand (e.g. The //school in which I study is very old -- The school **where** I study is very old).//
 * **where:** it refers to a place (e.g. //The restaurant where we had dinner was opened last winter//).
 * **when:** it refers to a time expression (e.g. //The day when I met you was the happiest in my life//).
 * **why:** it refers to a reason (e.g. //The reason why I didn't call you is that I was angry with you//).

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS

 * FORMAL STRUCTURE**:
 * The preposition appears before the relative pronoun
 * We use //whom// instead of //who//
 * //Examples://
 * 1) The person to whom he pointed had paid for our meal.
 * 2) The test in which she succeeded was very difficult.
 * 3) The crimes of which he's accused all involve money.
 * 4) The girl with whom I went to the cinema enjoyed the film.
 * 5) The waiter about whom I complained was very rude.


 * INFORMAL STRUCTURE:**
 * The preposition appears at the end of the relative clause.
 * The relative pronoun can be eliminated if it's not preceded by a comma and if it's followed by subject + verb
 * //Examples://
 * 1) The person he pointed to had paid for our meal.
 * 2) The test she succeeded in was very difficult.
 * 3) The crimes he's accused of all involve money.
 * 4) The girl I went to the cinema with enjoyed the film.
 * 5) The waiter I complained about was very rude.


 * online exercises:**
 * exercise 1
 * exercise 2
 * exercise 3
 * exercise 4
 * exercise 5
 * exercise 6
 * exercise 7
 * exercise 8
 * exercise 9
 * exercise 10